Cannabis has a deep tie to India's culture, dating back thousands of years1. By 2000, 3.2% of Indians were using cannabis1. A 2019 study found that about 7.2 million Indians had used it in the past year1. That same year, a government survey noted 31 million Indians used cannabis products1. At US$0.10 per gram, India had the cheapest cannabis worldwide in 20161. In 2018, New Delhi and Mumbai were some of the top cannabis-consuming cities1.
India's use of cannabis is vast, but its laws are not the same everywhere23. The NDPS Act from 1985 bans the production, sale, or use of cannabis, but it does allow for certain activities3. For example, using it for medicine, science, or farming is okay. Section 10 of the NDPS Act lets states give out licenses to grow cannabis3.
Key Takeaways
India has a long history of cannabis use, with the "prevalence of usage" reaching 3.2% as of 2000.
Cannabis is widely consumed in India, with approximately 7.2 million users and 31 million current users as of 2019.
India has the lowest retail price of cannabis globally at US$0.10 per gram, and major cities like New Delhi and Mumbai are among the world's largest cannabis consumers.
India's cannabis regulations vary across states, with the NDPS Act of 1985 classifying cannabis as illegal but allowing exceptions for certain purposes.
Some states, like Odisha and Uttarakhand, have taken steps to legalize or permit the cultivation of cannabis and hemp.
History of Cannabis in India
Antiquity and Ancient Texts
Cannabis use in India goes back many centuries. It's found in ancient texts and scriptures. The Atharvaveda, composed between 1500 and 1000 BCE, lists bhanga as sacred for reducing anxiety4. The Sushruta Samhita, written around 600 BCE, states bhanga is a medicinal plant for various conditions.
Shiva, a Hindu god, is closely linked with cannabis in mythology. Bhang, prepared from cannabis, is taken during religious events5. The Chikitsa-sara-sangraha, from the 11th century, and other texts mention cannabis for medicine and intoxication.
In India, cannabis was known by 2000 BCE4. It grew wild in many areas like Assam, Bihar, and others. The culture and history of India deeply connect with cannabis use.
"Cannabis, in the form of bhang, was used in religious rituals linked to Lord Shiva, who is known as the god of bhang in India."
In India, growing cannabis for its use in drugs needed specific methods. This included special soil preparation and seed selection. The farming area decreased over time, showing changes in culture and practices6.
Three major forms of cannabis are bhang, ganja, and charas in India. These are made from female cannabis plants. A report from the Indian Hemp-Drug Commission in 1894 showed a reduction in Cannabis farming6.
India’s Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985 deals with cannabis. It bans selling and using resin and flowering tops but allows leaves and seeds. Under this Act, states can make their own rules about cannabis4.
Bhang use is important in India's culture and religion despite legal bans. It remains a part of key festivals and rituals5. The deep history and traditions of cannabis in India affect how it is viewed and controlled today.
Colonial India and the British Rule
Portuguese Influence
In 1510, the Portuguese took over Goa. They learned about cannabis in India since then. Garcia de Orta, a botanist, talked about cannabis uses in 1534. He said bhang helped people work better, eat more, and help with labor7.
The British made a tax on cannabis in 1798 "for the natives' health and mind"7. Then, in 1894, they did a big study on it. They found most people used it lightly, and heavy use was rare. This heavy use didn't really affect society much7.
In the 19th century, Indian farmers started growing hemp drugs8. They made Ganja, Bhang, Charas, Majum, and Muddat8. These drugs supported the rural resistances against British rule. Indians fought back quietly by doing work slowly, pretending to go along with rules, and even damaging property.
The chapter also talks about how hemp goods were made in India8. It describes how Indian farmers changed their land to grow these goods. They did this for their local market in the 1800s8.
"Cannabis was farming's main income, and specific lands in Bengal were key"7
As of March 24th, 2021, OCS had 40 THC and/or CBD drinks9. But, drinks have only sold a little for the past four quarters. Still, India's New Delhi and Mumbai are top cities for cannabis use according to a 2017 report9. India only banned cannabis in 19619.
In O'Shaughnessy's time in India, cannabis was cheap in Calcutta7. From 1841 to 1900, many medical articles praised cannabis use7. Farmers had to get two licenses for cannabis, so some crops were hidden7. By 1867, ganja was linked to insanity in reports from asylums. Smoking it was seen as a main reason for madness7. This trend continued in 1870 and beyond, with usage leading to asylum admissions for various illnesses7.
By 1872, colonial reports showed a fear of cannabis for its potential connection to crime7. Yet, Bombay officials believed ganja helped reduce the pain of bearers carrying palkis. They did not connect it to any criminal behavior.
The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report
In 1894, the British Indian government made a key study about cannabis in India. This was called the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report10. It found that most people used cannabis moderately. Only a few used it too much, but this didn't affect society much11. The study also concluded that too much cannabis mainly harmed the user, not society11.
The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission started its work in 1893-9410. It had a President and six Members, both British and Indian people10. The group included important figures such as the Hon'ble W. Mackworth Young, and Lala Nihal Chand10.
The Commission was asked to look into many aspects of cannabis in India10. They studied how it was grown, its effects, and the laws around it. They were also checking what would happen if using cannabis was made illegal10. The group traveled a lot to hear from many places in India but not from places ruled by local kings due to political issues10.
The report mainly focused on how cannabis was grown, used, and its effects on people10. They looked at how cannabis was made and used, including smoking, eating, and drinking it10. They were interested if banning it would change religious practices or lead people to use other harmful things like alcohol10.
The aim was for the Commission to suggest better laws about cannabis, focusing on what was best for everyone10.
"The injury done by the excessive use is, however, confined almost exclusively to the consumer himself; the effect on society is rarely appreciable."
Modern Use and Cultural Significance
In India, cannabis is called bhang and is part of various customs and religious events12. During Hindu festivals like Holi and Maha Shivaratri, it's common to consume bhang. The Sikh festival of Hola Mohalla also sees its usage13. It has a special place among the Sikh Nihangs13. Even in regions where cannabis is illegal, many partake in bhang during the Ambubachi Mela13.
The link between cannabis and spiritual beliefs in India goes way back14. Many Muslim Sufis in India drink bhang, connecting the plant to Khidr's spirit13. Cannabis plays a central part in many religious practices across India. The deep-rooted traditions continue to be a significant part of society13.
Despite its legal standing, cannabis remains culturally vital. This shows how modern-day laws mix with ancient ways13. It poses a challenge for policymakers and enforcers dealing with these contrasting elements13.
As views on cannabis change in India, it's key to remember its cultural and religious importance13. Any serious talk about cannabis policy must look at the varied historic contexts. These have shaped its place in Indian culture over the years13.
Country | Legal Status of Cannabis |
Uruguay | Legalized recreational cannabis use in 201313 |
United States | Recreational cannabis is legal in 24 states, 3 territories, and the District of Columbia13 |
Australia | Legalized recreational cannabis only in the Australian Capital Territory13 |
India | Possession, trade, and consumption of cannabis are illegal, with penalties of up to Rs. 1 lakh in fines and imprisonment for up to 10 years, depending on the quantity involved13 |
Cannabis's story in India mixes legal rules with deep cultural links13. As attitudes and policies change, finding this balance is crucial. It is about respecting both the law and the long-standing cultural connections with this plant131412.
India's Cannabis Regulations: State Comparison
Legal Status Across Indian States
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, controls India's cannabis laws15. Yet, each state can make its own rules about growing, owning, and using cannabis within its borders15. This system has created a mix of laws across India. Some states allow more freedom with cannabis, while others are very strict.
In Odisha, cannabis is legal, and people often smoke it using 'chillums' legally16. However, in Assam, the sale and use of ganja and bhang are prohibited by the Assam Ganja and Bhang Prohibition Act of 195816. Maharashtra follows a similar path. They have the Bombay Prohibition Act of 1949. It makes it illegal to make, have, or use bhang without a permit16.
Uttarakhand is pioneering by permitting industrial hemp growth. This policy aims to boost economic growth17. Other mountainous states are looking at the same idea. They see the chance for development through hemp farming16.
Under the NDPS Act, states can set rules for growing, making, owning, and selling cannabis, except charas17. Yet, the penalties for using cannabis change a lot. For small amounts, people might face a fine or six months in prison. But for larger amounts, the penalties can be much higher, including a hefty fine and many years in jail16.
The wide range of cannabis laws in India brings its set of challenges. Making sure people follow the rules becomes hard16. As the discussion on cannabis policy continues, leaders will have to find a way that protects public health. But they also need to keep in mind the positive effects cannabis can have on the economy and culture in some places16.
Enforcement and Seizures
In India, fighting against cannabis crimes is a top priority18. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) said Indian officials seized 182,622 kg of ganja and 2,489 kg of hashish in 201618. In 2018, they destroyed 1,980 hectares of illegal cannabis farms, down from 3,446 hectares in 201718. The 2019 report by The International Narcotics Control Board called India a hotspot for illegal cannabis farming18.
Despite these actions, the illegal cannabis market in India is still big18. It's believed that the amount of cannabis produced secretly is way more than what's caught18. Because of these big numbers, the government is working hard to fight the problem.
In the state of Tamil Nadu, officials are really focusing on stopping drug use19. Chief Minister M.K. Stalin led 74 lakh students in making a pledge against drugs19. They also formed 14,000 anti-drug clubs in schools and colleges. Another 7,000 events on drug awareness took place on the International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking19.
Officials in Tamil Nadu are also seizing a lot of cannabis19. They found over 2,300 kg of ganja on trains coming from other parts of India19. Since June 2021, they launched 20,040 cases about drug crimes and arrested 27,476 people19. They also took away more than 54,000 kg of ganja, worth ₹67.64 crore, during these operations19.
The use of cannabis in India is a known issue20. A 2019 study said 31 million Indians used some form of cannabis in the past year. Of these, 13 million used weed or hash20. Certain states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Sikkim showed higher cannabis consumption rates20. In 2018, Delhi was ranked third in global cities for high cannabis use20.
Despite law enforcements' work, illegal cannabis trading and usage are still significant in India18. We need a well-rounded strategy to handle these issues. This includes making laws stronger, exploring new policies, and dealing with the root causes of why people turn to cannabis181920.
Commercial and Industrial Opportunities
Hemp Cultivation and Industry
The cannabis industry is growing in India. Several states are legalizing and regulating hemp and cannabis cultivation. This is for commercial and industrial reasons21. In November 2015, Uttarakhand lead the way by permitting cannabis farming for industrial use, making it the first such state22. Others, like Madhya Pradesh and Manipur, have since shown interest in permitting cannabis growth for medical and industrial use22.
The promise of a hemp industry in India is huge. The plant is very versatile, and there's a rising demand worldwide for hemp-based products22. In 2016, a Gujarat-based company introduced HERBBOX. This became a popular spot for smoking accessories, showing increased commercial interest in the cannabis business in India21. Patanjali Ayurved, a major Indian brand, is also looking into the uses of cannabis and its extracts. They aim to use them in medicines and other items21.
The talk about cannabis cultivation and using it industrially in India continues22. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985 limits trading and using cannabis resin and parts like flowering tops. However, hemp products with very low THC levels have been okayed as food by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)23. This means India's hemp industry can grow. The growth depends on having good policies and protections in place22.
"The global cannabis market could reach US$102.2 billion by 2030, according to an estimate by Grand View Research Inc."23
As rules and views on cannabis in India change, more opportunities will arise. With the proper support and policies, the cannabis business could really help India's economy grow21.
Medical and Therapeutic Applications
While cannabis for fun is mostly not allowed in India, it's used a lot in medicine. Ayurvedic texts tell us cannabis is used in different ways. It's an appetizer, helps your tummy, and treats illness like catarrh, phlegm, and diarrhea.24 Also, Hindus and Sikhs link cannabis to healing and spiritual properties. Today, Patanjali Ayurved is studying how cannabis extracts can help24 in India.
The use of medical cannabis is expanding worldwide. About 50 countries let people use it for medicine24. In December 2020, the UN voted for it to be OK for medicinal research24. The FDA in the U.S. has said yes to one cannabis drug and three like it25.
Here are some of the drugs they've OK'd:
India's seeing more cannabis start-ups like The Bombay Hemp Company and others24. The Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM) can now make cannabis products for epilepsy and curing cancer24. The Union Finance Ministry also said OK to studying CBD and THC in late September 201924. There's also a project to save and grow different cannabis varieties24.
Research about cannabis for medicine in India is advancing. But using it means being careful. It's best to stop using street cannabis for a day or two before using the medical kind26. Patients need to start with a small THC amount and increase slowly. They shouldn't drink or take sleeping pills with it26. They must keep cannabis safely locked and not drive after using it26.
"The medical and therapeutic potential of cannabis in India is being actively explored, with a growing focus on developing safe and effective cannabis-derived products for treating various health conditions."
Public Opinion and Policy Debates
India's view on cannabis is complex. The plant is important culturally but faces legal restrictions. The use of cannabis for fun is mostly not allowed. Yet, many argue for its legalization. They say it's been part of Indian culture for ages. They claim current laws don't work. Plus, legalizing it could help the economy through new jobs.27 Yet, critics worry about the health and social downsides of making cannabis legal.
Studies show more people in Europe are using cannabis. This includes some people needing drug treatment. In France27, where cannabis is used the most, it has been linked to serious mental health issues. America is changing its mind too. Now, most Americans think cannabis should be legal27.
But, not everyone agrees on the reasons for or against making it legal. Studies are still looking into how legal cannabis could affect addiction27.
A study in Sinaloa, Mexico, asked over 3,000 people about cannabis28. The results showed that knowing the scientific facts about cannabis changed people's views. And, how old you are and your education level mattered a lot28. This study highlights the big role facts should play in making decisions about cannabis28.
In the USA, more people are for making marijuana legal. Now, 70% of adults support it29. This is a big jump from only 12% in 1969 who thought it should be legal29. People who lean liberal, Democrats, and the young are especially in favor. But, support is less among conservatives and Republicans29.
The discussion continues in India about what to do with cannabis laws. Policymakers need to consider both tradition and changing views. Learning from other places and using good data to make decisions is key. This will help India decide what's best for its cannabis laws.
"The existing laws have been ineffective in curbing the use of cannabis in India, and legalization could bring economic benefits through a regulated industry."
International Cooperation and Compliance
India is a key player in global drug control efforts, part of several treaties on cannabis regulation30. Being a top producer and user of cannabis, it interacts closely with other nations. This interaction covers drug policy, fighting illicit trading, and cooperating across borders31.
Its cannabis rules are influenced by the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and other worldwide agreements32. India must find a middle ground between its own needs, culture, and international promises. This is crucial for India's future cannabis laws.
The world's view on cannabis is changing fast, with places like Canada and some U.S. states allowing its non-medical use31. India needs to watch these shifts and think about their effect on its own approach32. It must stick to global deals while looking into cannabis for medicine and industry. This is a big challenge India faces going forward.
How well India works with others and keeps in line with global rules will impact its cannabis future30. The government’s readiness to work with international partners, adopt top practices, and come up with fresh ideas will decide where India goes from here31.
"India's standing as a major producer and consumer of cannabis also means that it must engage with the international community on matters of drug control, illicit trafficking, and cross-border cooperation."
Finding the right way ahead will need a fine balance. India must honor its international duties, respect its rich culture, and consider using cannabis for health and business needs32. With a smart and factual strategy, India can manage the worldwide system of cannabis control and create a lasting, fair, and advancing policy30.
Future Outlook and Policy Developments
India is trying to figure out how to manage cannabis. The country's laws and uses for the plant are up in the air. Some states are thinking about growing hemp commercially. But, overall, using cannabis is not fully legal in India. There's a big discussion on the good that medical cannabis can do. Also, people are talking about the money that could come from legally selling it. But, they need to work on stopping illegal sales to make any changes in the law33.
The interest in using cannabis is worldwide. Since some places in Canada and the US said it's okay to use it for fun or health, people everywhere are paying more attention33. India has to think hard about keeping its culture, taking care of health, and being a good global citizen when looking at their cannabis rules33. How India handles using cannabis will depend on these things and changing views around the world.
India is looking at how they can make money from hemp. They're focusing on making medicine and other products. But, they're not very good at making new medicines yet. Getting approval for CBD oil products is hard because of this33.
The world market for hemp is rising a lot, and India has recognized this. More people searched for 'CBD' in India in 2020 because they started to know more about it33. A lot of India's areas have wild cannabis. But, it's mostly burned or just used for fun33.
The future of using cannabis in India depends on a lot of things. Policymakers have to think about the tradition, health, and money. As the world's view changes, India's decisions on cannabis will need to change too. They have to keep global rules and think about what's best for their people33.
"The review of the Cannabis Act in Canada has highlighted the need for further research and policy adjustments to improve the regulatory framework and achieve the intended public health and safety objectives."34
Canada looked at its Cannabis Act between December 2022 and June 2023. This was a six-month process34. This Act lets Canada grow, sell, and share cannabis after almost 100 years of saying no. Canada is the first big country to let cannabis be legal and controlled34. But, there might be some mistakes in how they're counting how much cannabis is sold legally34.
The world hemp market could be worth $18.6 billion by 2027, which is a lot more than in 202035. In 2019, about 40 countries made nearly 275,000 tonnes of hemp that was either in its raw form or partially processed. China, France, Canada, and the US made more than half of all this hemp35. If poor countries start growing hemp the right way, it could help their economies and make them more diverse35.
India has a lot to think about when it comes to cannabis rules. They have to look at how they can keep their tradition, take care of people's health, and make money. The decisions they make will have a big impact on the future of cannabis in India333435.
Conclusion
India has a long history with cannabis, intertwined with its culture and traditions. Even with laws against it, cannabis is still part of daily life in India, used for both fun and medicine36.
The mix of old habits, new rules, and how people see cannabis today has made a unique situation in India362421.
Dealing with the good and bad sides of cannabis is a big job for policymakers. They have to consider tradition, health, and money3624.
The fate of cannabis in India is up to how well the government, groups involved, and the community handle it together. They have to find a way that covers all aspects of this complex plant362421.
India’s view on cannabis, its laws, and its future are still changing. But, the strong link between India and cannabis means people will keep talking about it and making decisions362421.
FAQ
What is the historical and cultural significance of cannabis in India?
Cannabis has been part of Indian culture since about 2000 BCE. It's known by names like charas, ganja, and bhang. These refer to the resin, flower, and seeds/leaves of the plant. Indian traditions include drinks made from cannabis, like bhang lassi and bhang thandai.
It appears in ancient texts like the Atharvaveda and Sushruta Samhita. It also plays a role in Hindu mythology. Notably, it's linked with Ayurvedic medicine.
What is the current legal status of cannabis in India?
The main law about cannabis in India is the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985. Each state can make their own rules about cannabis. They may allow or prohibit its use or sale.
Using parts of the plant, like leaves and seeds, is allowed in some states. But, if you have any part of the cannabis plant, you might face legal trouble. The punishment changes based on how much you have.
How has cannabis been regulated and enforced in India over time?
In 1798, the British put a tax on cannabis products. This aimed to cut down on their use for health reasons. Later, a study in 1894 found that most people used these drugs responsibly. It said this wasn’t causing big problems.
Today, police in India continue to stop illegal shipments of cannabis. Despite these efforts, the illegal cannabis market is still big. It seems more cannabis is grown and sold than what's caught by the police.
What are the commercial and industrial opportunities for cannabis in India?
In 2015, Uttarakhand allowed cannabis to be grown for business reasons. This made it the first Indian state to do so. Now, other states are thinking about growing cannabis for medical and business use.
There is big potential for a hemp industry in India. This comes from the many uses of the plant. Plus, the world needs more products made from hemp.
How is cannabis being used for medical and therapeutic applications in India?
India mostly uses cannabis for medicine, not fun. It's been used this way for a long time in Ayurvedic healing. Ayurvedic texts have many recipes and treatments with cannabis. Some religious groups in India see the cannabis plant as having special healing and spiritual powers.
There’s also new research happening. For example, Patanjali Ayurved is studying how cannabis extracts might help medically. So, there's a lot of interest in what else cannabis can do for health in India.
What is the future outlook for cannabis regulations in India?
The future depends on how India's leaders deal with old customs, health needs, and new global ideas. Some states are already changing rules to allow more use of cannabis. But, the general laws in India are still strict.
Talks continue about the good and bad parts of changing cannabis laws. This includes medical and business chances and how to stop illegal sales. To make big changes, India will think about what cannabis means culturally, for health, and its place in the world.
Source Links
Cannabis in India - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_India
Is Weed or Marijuana Legal in India? - https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/lawpedia/is-weed-or-marijuana-legal-in-india-50397/
Ever Wondered If Cannabis Is Legal In India? - https://indiahemporganics.com/blogs/general-blog/ever-wondered-if-cannabis-is-legal-in-india
Cannabis - the development of the regulatory and legal landscape and the investment opportunities in this sector - https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3fbea269-8fc8-4ec6-a125-0b1ccf157f39
LEGALIZATION OF CANNABIS IN INDIA by Shivangini Shrivastava - https://www.jlsrjournal.in/legalization-of-cannabis-in-india-by-shivangini-shrivastava/
UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1957 Issue 1 - 002 - https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1957-01-01_1_page003.html
It’s High Time that India Reclaimed Its Ganja – The Wire Science - https://science.thewire.in/health/oshaughnessy-cannabis-ganja-mahal-lunatic-asylums-ndps-act/
Cannabis in Colonial India: Production, State Intervention, and Resistance in the Late Nineteenth-Century Bengali Landscape | Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes - https://academic.oup.com/book/40857/chapter/348896248
Getting More Bhang for Your Buck: Cannabis in India - https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health/getting-more-bhang-your-buck-cannabis-india
PDF - https://newrevenue.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/vol-1-indian-hemp-text-1-19-74464868_19_38.pdf
Decriminalization of Cannabis in India | RostrumLegal - https://www.rostrumlegal.com/decriminalization-of-cannabis-in-india/
PDF - https://www.ijcmr.com/uploads/7/7/4/6/77464738/ijcmr_2941.pdf
The Law Advice - Articles - https://www.thelawadvice.com/articles/cannabis-ancient-plant-modern-debate
Transcultural Aspects of Cannabis Use: a Descriptive Overview of Cannabis Use across Cultures - Current Addiction Reports - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40429-023-00500-8
[The Viewpoint] Untying the noose around Cannabis and CBD regulation in India - https://www.barandbench.com/law-firms/view-point/untying-the-noose-around-cbd-and-cannabis-regulation-in-india
Is Weed or Marijuana Legal in India? - https://www.myadvo.in/blog/is-weed-or-marijuana-legal-in-india/
Cannabis: Your guide to what’s legal and what’s not in India | SCC Times - https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/09/25/cannabis-your-guide-to-whats-legal-and-whats-not-in-india/
Current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries: cross-country comparisons and international perspectives - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490942/
State of Tamil Nadu vs ganja - https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-of-tamil-nadu-vs-ganja/article67032359.ece
Should India make Cannabis legal? - https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20200928-should-india-make-cannabis-legal-1723088-2020-09-19
A Review of Historical Context and Current Research on Cannabis Use in India - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10011848/
Cannabis in India: Does the law need to catch up with reality? | In Focus podcast - https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/cannabis-in-india-does-the-law-need-to-catch-up-with-reality/article67388456.ece
A general introduction to cannabis law in India - https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=988e0f27-70db-42bb-a35b-f11f01243a87
Clinical studies with Cannabis in India – A need for guidelines for the investigators and ethics committees - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10405537/
FDA and Cannabis: Research and Drug Approval Process - https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-cannabis-research-and-drug-approval-process
Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids in adults - https://www.uptodate.com/contents/medical-use-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-in-adults
The costs and benefits of cannabis control policies - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7605025/
Scientific facts improve cannabis perception and public opinion: results from Sinaloa, México - Scientific Reports - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44185-5
Grassroots Support for Legalizing Marijuana Hits Record 70% - https://news.gallup.com/poll/514007/grassroots-support-legalizing-marijuana-hits-record.aspx
PDF - https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Focus/WDR20_Booklet_4_cannabis_web.pdf
The State and Cannabis : What is Success? A Comparative Analysis of Cannabis Policy in The United States of America, Uruguay, and Canada - https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3588&context=etd_all
Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2021 - https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2022/Annual_Report/E_INCB_2022_1_eng.pdf
Dope to hope—India is seeing unprecedented boom in CBD. With AYUSH blessing - https://theprint.in/ground-reports/dope-to-hope-india-is-seeing-unprecedented-boom-in-cbd-with-ayush-blessing/1645452/
Legislative Review of the Cannabis Act: What We Heard Report - https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/cannabis-act-legislative-review/expert-panel/legislative-review-cannabis-act-report.html
Hemp’s versatility and sustainability offer huge opportunities for developing countries - https://unctad.org/news/hemps-versatility-and-sustainability-offer-huge-opportunities-developing-countries
Cannabis in India: is the country on the precipice of a new era of treatment? - Hempstreet - https://hempstreet.in/blog/cannabis-in-india-is-the-country-on-the-precipice-of-a-new-era-of-treatment/
India's Cannabis Regulations: State Comparison
Comentários