Cannabidiol (CBD) is a key part of cannabis. It's not like the part that makes you high. People are looking into it for easing pain. A study in 2017 looked into how CBD affects nerve pain in over 1,200 people. The results were promising1. In 2018, another review checked out how CBD impacts pain from nerve damage. This time, 1,750 people were part of the studies. They found CBD, along with other cannabis products, might be helpful for severe and long-lasting pain1. As more studies happen, it seems clearer that CBD could be a big help for different kinds of pain and maybe even inflammation.
Key Takeaways
CBD, a non-psychoactive compound in cannabis, has shown promising results for pain relief in numerous studies.
Research indicates that CBD may be effective in treating chronic neuropathic pain, arthritis pain, and inflammation-related pain.
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a crucial role in regulating pain perception and inflammatory responses, and CBD can influence this system.
CBD oil is available in various forms, including full-spectrum, broad-spectrum, and isolate, each with its own characteristics and potential benefits.
Consumers should consider factors like potency, testing, extraction method, and quality when choosing CBD oil for pain relief.
What is CBD Oil?
CBD, or cannabidiol, comes from the cannabis plant. It's different from THC, the part that makes you feel "high" when using marijuana2. CBD is from the hemp plant. Hemp has very little THC, the mind-altering part of cannabis2.
The process to make CBD oil is straightforward. CBD is taken from the hemp plant and mixed with an oil like coconut or hemp seed oil2. This mixture is known as CBD oil. People use it for pain, anxiety, and to sleep better2.
CBD vs. THC
CBD and THC are both found in cannabis. But they work differently in the body. THC is what makes you feel high, but CBD doesn’t do this2. CBD might even reduce the high from THC2.
CBD is legal in many states, unlike THC products that have different rules2. This legality makes CBD a popular choice for its potential health benefits without the high.
How CBD Oil is Made
Making CBD oil has a few steps. First, CBD is taken from the hemp plant using methods like CO2 or solvents2. Then, it's mixed with an oil like coconut or hemp seed oil to become CBD oil2.
The quality of CBD oil changes based on how it's made and the hemp used2. Always pick CBD oil that has been tested by a third party. This ensures it's safe and does what it says.
"CBD oil is a versatile and potentially therapeutic compound that is making waves in the wellness industry. As research continues to unveil its benefits, it's important for consumers to understand the nuances between CBD and its counterpart, THC."
Latest Research On CBD Oil For Pain
The Cannabidiol (CBD) market may grow to be worth $20 billion by 20243. Scientists are looking into how CBD oil might help with pain. What they've found so far shows it might help, but not a lot.
In 2015, a study found CBD might change the way our bodies sense pain and mood4. This happens by boosting a chemical called anandamide. A 2017 report said there’s good evidence that cannabis, including CBD, might help adults with long-term pain4.
The studies keep going, but we're getting mixed results. A review in 2020 said CBD might be good for ongoing pain, better sleep, and less inflammation. But, it seems these results vary based on the health issue3. A 2018 review suggested CBD could be useful for certain types of pain, but we still need more research to be sure.
A 2013 study found that mixing CBD with opioids might help advanced cancer patients more than opioids alone4. Plus, a 2016 study with rats said CBD reduced pain and swelling in arthritis without bad side effects4.
Some research says CBD might not make pain less strong but might make it feel less bad. In early 2021, a study noted that people who got CBD or thought they got it didn't see less pain. However, it did make the pain feel less unpleasant3. They found that just knowing or thinking they were getting CBD helped people feel better about their pain3.
Although CBD shows promise for easing pain, more in-depth studies are necessary. We need to know for sure how well it works and the right amounts to use safely34.
"Studies show CBD can work with the body's endocannabinoid system. This can help control how we feel pain and handle swelling"4
Δ9-THC is the key mind-altering part of cannabis, focusing on cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 a bit5. On the flip side, CBD has been proven to have effects like fighting seizures, calming anxieties, and helping sleep5. It's known that CBD doesn't compete well with natural cannabinoid triggers at their main site5.
CBD connects with many different parts in our bodies. This includes things like serotonin receptors, orphan GPCRs, and opioid receptors. It also affects certain channels and transporters5. CBD even slows down the breakdown of some drugs in our system5.
In the end, the info on CBD for pain is a bit all over the place. While some research hints it could help with various types of pain, we still need more hard evidence. This will help figure out the best ways to use CBD for pain relief345.
CBD for Neuropathic Pain
Animal and Human Studies
Neuropathic pain is a serious issue caused by nerve damage. Scientists are looking into CBD as a treatment for this type of pain6.
In 2017, a study showed benefits of CBD in people with neuropathy. Yet, a 2018 report suggested the downsides of cannabis medicine might be more than the upsides6. We need more studies to figure out CBD's role in treating chronic neuropathic pain, risks, and benefits.
Studies on animals found that a mix of THC and CBD helps against neuropathic pain. This mix was a lot more effective than either substance alone. CBD didn’t cause any bad effects in these tests7.
There is ongoing research on CBD's use in spinal cord injury patients with neuropathic pain7. This study looks at how CBD treatment for six weeks might reduce this pain. It also examines brain changes related to spinal cord injury that cause chronic neuropathic pain.
Though these are promising, we need more human studies on CBD for neuropathic pain6. The system that controls pain in our body, the endocannabinoid system, hints that CBD and other cannabinoids could be a new, helpful treatment for neuropathic pain8.
"The economic burden of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia affects individuals over 50 years old in Italy."
Neuropathic pain affects 7–10% of all grown-ups worldwide and can show as burning pain or numbness8. The spinal cord might play a key role in this type of pain. Also, the involvement of the endocannabinoid system suggests CBD might offer a new way to treat this type of pain8.
CBD for Arthritis Pain
Arthritis affects millions worldwide, with many in America9. About 60 million people, both kids and adults, deal with this condition9. For most, daily life is hard because of the pain9. That's why more people are looking into CBD oil for relief.
What is CBD? It's a part of the cannabis plant known for helping with pain and swelling10. A study in 2016 showed that putting CBD on the skin can lower arthritis pain and swelling10. In 2011, another study suggested it might ease painful inflammation by changing how pain senses work10.
A 2017 study also said CBD might be good for treating joint pain from osteoarthritis10. Plus, a review in 2014 suggested it could work against osteoarthritis pain in animals10.
Even with these promising clues, we don't have all the answers yet10. The Arthritis Foundation notes that while some stories show CBD can help with pain, sleep, and anxiety, we need more strong studies10. Also, the health institutes say CBD might help a bit with ongoing pain10.
In 2020, one more review found that CBD might ease ongoing pain, aid sleep, and cut swelling, but for certain illnesses10. And in 2017, a review said it might ease nerve pain in people10.
The WHO mentions that CBD is usually well-received and less likely to be misused than other cannabis parts10.
Although CBD's potential for arthritis pain is exciting, we must still do more research10. Further big human trials are necessary to understand if it's really safe and helpful over time10.
In a survey by the Arthritis Foundation11, 83% felt less pain with CBD11. 66% saw improvements in moving and sleeping11. The group had a 44% reduction in pain with CBD11.
For those with osteoarthritis, the drop in pain was even bigger11. 60.5% needed less other medicine after using CBD, like anti-inflammatories, acetaminophen, and opioids11. And some stopped using these drugs entirely after CBD11.
The Arthritis Foundation acknowledges anecdotal reports of CBD providing pain relief, improved sleep, and reduced anxiety for some arthritis patients but highlights the lack of rigorous human clinical studies.
CBD for Multiple Sclerosis Pain
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that impacts the brain and nerves. Muscle spasms are a big issue with MS, leading to a lot of pain. They affect the quality of life for those with MS.
Some research has looked at whether CBD oil can help with this pain. A study found that using CBD oil for a short time made muscle spasms lower in people with MS12. Even though the changes were not huge, many did feel better. Still, we need more research to be sure of the benefits and any long-term effects.
Broader studies have also touched on CBD's potential for MS pain and spasms13. For example, a big study showed some positive improvements in 160 MS patients who tried cannabis-based treatments13. Not only that, but surveys point to some people with MS finding relief in cannabis use13.
Even though we're still learning about CBD and MS pain, the signs are promising12. It could be a natural way to help with very tough symptoms. The more we study, the more we'll know about how helpful CBD can be for MS12.
"Spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis was examined, focusing on clinical characteristics, treatment, and quality of life."14
Findings | Reference |
A study by Fischedick J.T. in 2017 identified terpenoid chemotypes among high (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-producing Cannabis sativa L. cultivars. | |
Spasticity in multiple sclerosis is associated with impairments and overall quality of life in patients. | |
Muscle spasms reduction was observed in multiple sclerosis patients using short-term CBD oil, although more research on humans is required. | |
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on the effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts found that 160 patients with MS experienced improvements in their symptoms. | |
Surveys have indicated that some individuals with MS have positive attitudes towards cannabis and report using it to manage their condition. |
CBD for Chronic Pain
Chronic pain affects a large number of Americans, more than those with heart disease, cancer, and diabetes together15. It is a major problem that also costs the country a lot of money every year. Researchers are looking into how CBD can help as a natural way to ease chronic pain.
CBD has shown it can help with pain in many studies. When used for chronic pain, research has found a range of outcomes, from placebo-level effects to very effective. It's most beneficial for conditions like multiple sclerosis and fibromyalgia, among others. However, in more general cases of chronic pain, it doesn't lower pain levels but does boost life quality and sleep15.
A study in New Zealand proved that CBD is safe and helps with chronic pain15. Also, mixing CBD with THC can lower pain levels in specific conditions, like some patients with multiple sclerosis. But, not all studies agree on the benefits for certain types of pain, like in some cases of severe cancer. This shows that not everyone might benefit from CBD and THC treatment15.
Pain Relief and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
CBD’s ability to reduce pain and inflammation makes it stand out for managing ongoing pain issues. It interacts with our body's endocannabinoid system to bring these benefits. Know that CBD might also help in battling substance addiction16.
In 2020, research found that applying CBD oil on the skin lessened specific types of pain and discomfort in people with neuropathy. This hints at CBD's broader potential to help in different kinds of chronic pain and conditions linked to inflammation17.
The promise of CBD for chronic pain is exciting, but there are concerns. The quality of CBD products isn't always reliable. Only a small portion of tested products online and in stores matched their label claims. This shows the urgent need for better regulation and checks in the CBD industry15.
"CBD shows promise as an anti-inflammatory substance in both animal and preclinical trials, which is beneficial for arthritis treatment."17
While CBD’s potential for pain management is hopeful, more research is crucial. The growth of the CBD market urges consumers to be cautious about product quality. Choosing from trustworthy sellers is key to finding effective and safe CBD products151617.
Other Potential Uses of CBD
Cannabidiol (CBD) comes from the cannabis plant but doesn't make you high. It's drawing a lot of interest for its health benefits. Besides being good for managing pain, CBD has many other possible uses1819. Let's dive into what else this compound can do.
Smoking Cessation and Drug Withdrawal: Some studies show CBD might aid in quitting smoking20. It could also help with withdrawal from drugs like opioids and cocaine20.
Seizure and Epilepsy Treatment: The FDA approved a CBD medicine named Epidiolex. It's for two severe types of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes2019. More studies think CBD could help in other epilepsy cases too1819.
Anxiety and Mental Health: CBD shows potential in easing anxiety in those with PTSD, GAD, panic disorder, social anxiety, and OCD19.
Neurodegenerative Disorders: New research hints at CBD's ability to protect the brain. It might slow down diseases like Alzheimer's and other nerve-related conditions1819.
Diabetes and Cancer: Some research suggests CBD might lower inflammation. It could be good for treating type 1 diabetes and certain cancers19.
We still need more studies to be sure about CBD’s effects and safety for these uses. But, there's strong evidence that CBD can help with many health issues beyond just pain182019.
"CBD shows great promise for a whole host of conditions, from seizures to mental well-being and more. As we learn more, we could find even more ways CBD enriches our health."
FDA-Approved CBD Products
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been careful in how it handles CBD products. It has only approved a few medicines that come from CBD. For now, it has not created rules for making all CBD products legal and safe21.
Last July, the FDA permitted a new use for a medicine that has cannabis-derived parts. This drug can now help with seizures in a rare genetic disorder21. Also, the FDA has warned companies not to sell CBD products that make unproven health claims21.
Epidiolex is a drug from cannabis that the FDA allows for treating severe epilepsy22. It has also given the okay for three man-made versions, used for things like nausea and appetite loss22. But besides these, the FDA hasn't approved any other cannabis or CBD items22.
The FDA is working hard to make sure companies aren't selling ineffective marijuana products. It says researching the real benefits and risks of these products is very important22.
A study found that over a quarter of CBD products bought online had less CBD than said on the label. Also, 18 out of 84 products had THC, the compound that makes people high23. This research shows that CBD products sold online might not be accurately labeled or pure23.
Since the rules about CBD items are changing, people must stay informed. Before buying or using any CBD products, check what your state and the FDA say2122.
CBD Dosage and Side Effects
The 2018 Farm Bill allowed hemp-derived CBD products with less than 0.3% THC to be legal24. This led to a big interest in the possible health benefits of CBD. The FDA, though, has only approved one cannabis product, Epidiolex. This is for treating specific epilepsy kinds and starts at 2.5 mg/kg twice a day24. Studies on CBD have used doses from under 100 mg to 900 mg per day. The right dose depends on the individual's weight, health condition, and what type of CBD is used24.
Research says CBD is not very toxic but might be addictive. It could cause breathing problems and has no known cure if taken in too high amounts24. Common side effects of CBD oil are feeling tired, diarrhea, and changes in how hungry or full you feel. It might also change how well other drugs work and influence an enzyme that affects the liver's drug detoxing abilities24. The FDA warned about Epidiolex possibly harming the liver, causing tiredness, and leading to depression or thoughts of suicide24.
Potential Side Effects
Drowsiness
Digestive issues
Changes in mood
Possible liver failure or injury
Interactions with other medications
Risks when mixed with alcohol or depressants
The WHO says we need to study CBD more, especially about its safety and possible harm. The CDC warned about harmful things in some CBD products24. Because the FDA doesn't check most CBD uses, it's very important for people to be careful and ask a doctor before trying any CBD24.
"The FDA has only approved one cannabis-derived product, Epidiolex, for treating seizures in specific types of epilepsy, with a recommended starting dosage of 2.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg) twice daily."24
Side Effect | Prevalence |
Drowsiness | Common |
Digestive issues | Common |
Changes in mood | Occasional |
Liver damage | Rare |
Medication interactions | Possible |
Alcohol/depressant risks | Possible |
In the end, using CBD products needs smart thinking and advice from doctors. Even with CBD's possible good effects, not being regulated and having side effects and drug interactions mean we should be very careful and well-informed when considering CBD242526.
CBD Use in Children and Pregnancy
Experts warn against using CBD oil with children and pregnant women. The research on CBD's effect on a child's brain is not conclusive. Yet, the FDA advises strongly against using CBD, THC, or marijuana while pregnant or breastfeeding27.
THC can pass from the mother to the fetus and may impact brain development27. Using marijuana during pregnancy might also lead to a lower birth weight in newborns27.
Taking CBD while pregnant also poses risks, especially due to potential contamination with harmful substances. These can include THC, pesticides, heavy metals, bacteria, and fungus27. CBD's risks range from liver problems and extreme sleepiness to dangerous drug interactions27.
The FDA only approved a specific CBD drug for severe seizures in kids over 2. All other CBD products are not FDA approved. This means their safety, effectiveness, and proper use are unclear27.
Healthcare providers recommend being careful with all medications, including CBD, during pregnancy and while nursing. They say talk to a doctor before starting anything27.
Hemp seeds are safe for pregnant and nursing mothers, as they have very little THC and CBD27. But for other CBD products, especially during pregnancy and nursing, there are still concerns. This is due to the lack of research on their risks28.
The FDA explains cannabis has over 80 natural components, among them CBD and THC28. In 2018, a Farm Bill allowed CBD from hemp with less than 0.3% THC to be legal28.
Though many states allow CBD, the impacts during pregnancy and breastfeeding are not well-studied. Animal studies have shown potential risks28.
A 2019 study found a significant increase in cannabis use among pregnant American women. Another study showed THC and CBD exposure in utero led to potential health risks in the children by age 529. These findings underscore the need for care and medical advice in CBD and cannabis use during pregnancy and nursing292728.
CBD Product Quality Concerns
The CBD industry is growing fast, but there are big worries about product quality. The lack of rules can put consumers at risk30. Most studies show CBD doesn't do better for pain than a dummy pill30. There's a link between using CBD and serious health issues like liver damage30.
Last year, the CBD market was worth about US$3 billion. By 2030, it's expected to hit US$60 billion30. But, everyday CBD items can vary a lot in what's inside them30. Some have little to no CBD. Others can have harmful substances like THC, which is illegal in many places30.
The real problem is the lack of proof that CBD is both safe and works well. This has health agencies worried. Companies might be making big claims without good evidence30. So, buying CBD means taking a risk because there's little to no oversight30.
Statistic | Value |
Chronic pain affects between 50 and 116 million American adults. | |
Chronic pain costs between $560 and $635 billion annually in both medical expenses and lost productivity. | |
Reports indicate that the cannabinoid content in products purchased online was only accurate in 26 of the 84 products tested. | |
A report mentioned that of 20 popular CBD products tested, only 3 contained the contents claimed on the labels. | |
Only about half of the CBD products had less than 20% of the CBD content claimed. |
Mislabeling and adding bad stuff to CBD products are now common issues30. Online CBD, such as oils, often doesn't have much CBD. This could mean owning or selling it is illegal in some places30. The lack of checks on quality and safety means consumers could face health dangers from these products30.
The CBD industry's lack of strict rules and checks has led to many wrongly labeled and possibly harmful products30. To stay safe, consumers should only buy CBD from trustworthy sources that openly show their product's quality and purity30.
CBD Legality and Regulation
The legality of CBD is tricky and always changing, both in the U.S. and worldwide. Even with its increasing use and health benefits, the rules are tough for both users and makers31.
In the U.S., things are mixed. The 2018 Farm Bill made it OK to grow and make CBD from hemp. But, CBD from cannabis is still illegal federally except for Epidiolex, a special type for medical use32.
India is also figuring out its rules on CBD. Growing hemp for industry is allowed, but laws on using CBD are still unclear31.
Doubts about CBD laws have led to many different products. Some might not be safe or high quality. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns companies against false health claims and selling bad CBD31.
In 2023, the FDA said no to adding CBD to food or as a supplement. They think there's not enough info on CBD's safety for everyone, especially kids and pregnant people. Now, they want Congress to find a new way to regulate it3132.
As rules change, experts are working hard. They're trying to make sure CBD is safe and its industry grows the right way. This includes researchers, lawmakers, and health officials32.
Lack of Evidence for CBD Pain Relief
CBD oil is gaining popularity as a natural pain remedy. Yet, recent research is casting doubt on its benefits33. A study from the University of Bath discovered that CBD products often don’t have the amount of CBD they claim. They might also include harmful stuff, like THC, the part of cannabis that makes you high33.
The University of Bath study is alarming. It found that, in several tests, CBD did not help with pain any better than taking nothing at all33. Worse yet, using CBD might lead to serious health issues, like problems with your liver33.
Even after examining 16 studies of CBD for pain, the research team couldn’t find solid proof it works33. They looked at how CBD was taken, how much was used, and how long it was used. This lack of solid evidence makes using CBD for pain seem like a waste of money. It might even be dangerous33.
A separate study in The Journal of Pain supports these findings34. It looked at 16 tests of CBD for pain. Only one of them showed that CBD was better than taking nothing. The study also flagged CBD’s link to health problems and concerns about how products are made and checked34.
A big review of all the CBD research found similar results35. Out of 16 tests, half showed CBD wasn't better than a pretend pill against pain. This means most studies agree that CBD isn't very good for easing pain35.
Experts want better rules for making and selling CBD. They're worried about wrong labels, possible pollutions, and keeping customers safe33. Until these issues are fixed, using CBD to tackle pain is uncertain and maybe risky33.
"The research team is calling for chronic pain to be taken more seriously, with consumer protection becoming a priority."
Risks of Unregulated CBD Products
The CBD industry is growing fast, but its products could be risky. Without tight rules, unregulated CBD items might harm consumers36.
Studies show many CBD items don't have the right CBD amount. Some have chemicals like THC that can be bad or even illegal37.
Contaminants and Adulterants
Some reports link CBD to liver problems. Without strict rules, people might use products with the wrong ingredients or not enough CBD3637.
Tests on online CBD sellers found issues with how they labeled products. Many didn't tell how to use them safely. This makes picking the right dose harder38.
The CBD market really needs more rules for safety right now. So, be careful shopping and pick trustworthy brands363738.
"The lack of regulation and quality control in the CBD market poses significant risks to consumers, who may be exposed to contaminated or adulterated products that do not contain the promised ingredients or concentrations."
Conclusion
CBD oil could help with chronic pain, but we need more research. By 2030, the market for cannabinoids might hit $100 billion USD. And more people, even those using opioids, seem interested in using it39. Still, we need better studies to know if CBD oil is truly safe and effective for pain relief.
By 2024, the CBD market might make more than 20 billion dollars. Studies show CBD can lower seizure rates by almost 44% in epilepsy patients40. It also seems to help with anxiety, depression, and sleep. But be careful, as using cannabis products might cause some problems, like issues with the mind and vision, in certain conditions41. So, it's wise to be cautious when choosing CBD items because many may not be accurately labeled or could be polluted.
It's crucial for medical experts and rules to take chronic pain seriously. They should focus on protecting consumers. This way, people can get proven and safe options for managing pain. Although there's mixed evidence on CBD oil's effects, its possible benefits deserve more study and careful oversight to make sure it's used wisely for chronic pain relief394041.
FAQ
What is CBD oil and how does it differ from THC?
CBD is a compound found in cannabis that doesn't make people "high." Unlike THC, which causes the euphoric feeling. It's made by taking CBD from the plant and mixing it with another oil.
How is CBD oil made?
To make CBD oil, they take the CBD from cannabis and mix it with oil. This process uses oils like coconut or hemp seed oil. The mix is then called CBD oil.
What are the potential benefits of CBD oil for pain relief?
Some studies show CBD might help with long-term pain. However, we still need more research to be sure. This includes understanding the right doses to use.
Can CBD help with neuropathic pain?
In 2017, a study noted CBD could help with nerve pain. But, by 2018, some said the good might not outweigh the bad. We need more studies to fully grasp CBD's impact on this type of pain.
Can CBD help with arthritis pain?
In a 2016 rat study, CBD gel lessened swelling and pain. Yet, we still need more human research to confirm this benefit.
Can CBD help with multiple sclerosis pain?
Reportedly, using CBD oil shortly may help reduce muscle spasms. However, to really know, more human research is essential.
What are the potential side effects of CBD oil?
The following are common CBD oil side effects: tiredness, upset stomach, changes in appetite, and possible weight changes. It might also affect medicine use and liver health.
Is CBD oil safe for use in children and during pregnancy?
Experts advise against CBD oil for kids due to lacking safety data. Pregnant and nursing moms should also steer clear, for possible risks to the baby.
What are the quality and regulatory concerns with CBD products?
The FDA overlooks CBD, leading to products not meeting the label claims and presenting contamination risks. This means they can have harmful substances.
What is the legal status of CBD in the United States and India?
In the U.S., only Epidiolex is FDA-approved for specific epilepsy cases. State laws vary for other CBD products. In India, CBD rules might seem confusing, with hemp-growing allowed but use regulations in flux.
Is there a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of CBD in pain relief?
Recent, research suggests CBD might not help with pain and could be hazardous. They looked into using CBD for pain and found most studies did not show benefits over a placebo.
What are the risks of unregulated CBD products?
Without oversight, CBD items could be wrongly labeled or have toxins, including THC. A collection of studies links CBD to severe health issues like liver problems.
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In the news – Cannabidiol (CBD) Regulations - https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cannabidiol-cbd-regulations
Research Suggests CBD Pain Relief is a Myth - https://www.psychiatrist.com/news/research-suggests-cbd-pain-relief-is-a-myth/
No Evidence That CBD Products Reduce Chronic Pain, Study Finds - https://www.technologynetworks.com/drug-discovery/news/no-evidence-that-cbd-products-reduce-chronic-pain-study-finds-385144
Cannabidiol (CBD) for Pain: What does the Evidence say? - https://curaleafclinic.com/cannabidiol-cbd-for-pain-what-does-the-evidence-say/
Cannabidiol (CBD) – Potential Harms, Side Effects, and Unknowns - https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep22-06-04-003.pdf
Label accuracy of unregulated cannabidiol (CBD) products: measured concentration vs. label claim - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9169299/
Safety and risks of CBD oils purchased online: unveiling uncertain quality and vague health claims - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10773908/
Cannabinoids for Acute Pain Management: Approaches and Rationale - Current Pain and Headache Reports - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-024-01252-4
CBD Oil: What are 9 Proven or Possible Health Benefits? - https://www.drugs.com/lifestyle/health-benefits-cbd-3516616/
Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies - https://www.bmj.com/content/382/bmj-2022-072348
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